Industrial/Field experience in anyone of the following: (a) Afforestation; (b) Applied Plant Anatomy; (c) Aquatic and Pollution Biology; (d) Horticulture; and (¢) Biotechnology for a period of three months preferably during the long vacation. Students will be assessed based on seminar presentations, their reports and supervisors’ assessments. 12 weeks (IA), C UIL-BOT 308: Introductory Cytogenetics and Genetic Analysis Cytological techniques. Maintenance of cytological materials. Collection and analysis of cytological data. Pretreatment drugs. Fixatives and hydrolysing agents. Documentation of cytological data. Evolution of chromosomes and genetic systems. Mechanisms of genetic change. Gene mutations. Chemical basis of gene mutation. Chromosomal mutations. Genetical and cytological consequences of mutations. Chromosomal basis of Mendelian genetics. Derivations from Mendelian genetics. Gene interactions. Population genetics. Population in equilibrium. 30hrs (T), 45hrs(P), C UIL-BOT 310: Field Trip Vegetation types: floristic and physiognomy. Human impacts on the vegetation. Afforestation practices and impact. Conservation of biodiversity. Collection and preservation of plant samples. Assessment and report writing. 90hrs (P) UIL-BOT 313: Algology Features of algae. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae. Features used for algal classification. Morphological forms of algae. Algal divisions. Reproductive structures. Asexual reproductive strategies. Sexual reproduction. Life cycles of algae. Ecological distribution. Importance of algae in agriculture. Algal products and their industrial uses. Algae and water ecosystem. Algae as bio- monitors of the aquatic ecosystem. Algal relationships with other plants. Roles of algae in biogeochemical cycles. Alga as environmental nuisance. Culture of algae. 15hrs (T), 45hrs (P) C UIL-BOT 314: Introductory Plant Pathology Concepts of plant pathology. History of plant pathology. Objectives/aims of plant pathology. Significance of plant pathology. Scope of plant pathology. Common terminologies in plant pathology. Phytopathogens. Classification of phytopathogens. Causes of plant diseases. Disease triangle and its modification. Conditions for disease development. Disease symptoms and signs. Laboratory techniques involved in plant pathology. Identification of phytopathogens. Epiphytotics. Plant disease forecasting. Introduction to molecular plant pathology. 30hrs (T), 45hrs (P), C UIL-BOT 315: Bryology Origin of bryophytes. General features of bryophytes. Classification of bryophytes. Anthocerotophyta. Hepaticophyta/Marchantiophyta. Bryophyta. Growth forms. Water relations. Mineral relations. Asexual reproduction. Phenological study. Sexual reproduction. Life cycle of bryophytes. Ecological distribution. Survival strategies of bryophytes. Bryophytes as bio-indicator and bio-monitors. Culture of bryophytes. Bryophytes as reservoirs of bioactive compounds. 15hrs (T) 45hrs (P) UIL-BOT 317: Plant Biochemistry Important nature of enzymes. Factors affecting enzyme action. Enzyme kinetic and regulation. Enzyme classification. Role of enzymes in industry. Photosynthetic pigment and active specimen. Light reaction (cyclic and non-cyclic phophorylation). Biochemical pathways in C3 (Calvin cycle) C4 and CAM plants. Synthesis of macromolecules. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Role of fermentation in industry. Carbohydrate metabolism with emphasis on glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Energy sheet in acrobic respiration. Lipid classification and their roles. Lipid synthesis. Types of secondary metabolites. Uses of secondary metabolites. 15hrs (T), 45hrs (P), C UIL-BOT 318: Pteridology Features of pteridophytes. Heterospory. Pteridophytes as higher and vascular cryptogams. Relationship with bryophytes and seed plants. Classification of pteridophytes. Eusporangiates. Leptosporangiates. Royal fems. Water fems. True fens. Ecological distribution. Reproductive strategies. Life cycles. Survival strategies. Pteridophytes as reservoirs of bioactive compounds. Importance of pteridophytes in landscaping. Culture of pteridophytes 15hrs (T), 45hrs (P), E UIL-BOT 319: Plant and Water Relations Water content cell. Properties of water. Diffusion. Osmosis. Matric force. Cell water potential. Solute potential. Pressure potential. Turgor pressure. Plasmolysis. Transpiration. Transpiration pull. Importance of transpiration. ‘Wilting. Absorption and transport of water. Diffusion Pressure Deficit. Stomata. Leaf and stem modification. 15hrs (T), 45hrs (P), E